Women are one of the main victims of violence in the world. With the development of societies and the globalization of communication, acts of violence against women have changed and manifested in various forms. Violence in cyberSpace is one of the emerging forms of this social harm. The unique features of cyberSpace, such as universality, lack of territorial boundaries, anonymity of users, and ease of identification, have created the conditions for norm-breakers, like the physical world, to pose threats to individuals. One of the main and most dangerous threats in this Space is the abusive actions that target women and girls in cyberSpace. Violence against women in cyberSpace has consequences that endanger their physical and mental health, reinforce gender discrimination, and violate women-related human rights standards. The right to freedom of expression and the free access to information and the right to privacy and the protection of privacy are human rights standards applicable to the protection of women against cyber-violence. The present article, through a descriptive-analytical method and by analyzing the legal sources in this field, tries to reflect on cyber violence against women within the framework of the rules and standards of National and interNational law. The basic premise of this article is based on the fact that the simultaneous application of National and interNational regulations and policies, as well as the use of a mixed and self-regulatory approach by exploiting the unique features of cyberSpace to reduce cyber violence against women.

Introduction Following two decades of efforts by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) to develop a nationwide electronic health record system, Iran has made e-prescribing mandatory as of December 22, 2021. However, these regulations have sparked significant concerns among both health care providers and authorities of professional bodies, such as the Iranian council of medicine, concerning patient privacy and confidentiality, which we shall analyze from an ethico-legal perspective in this paper. An Electronic Health Record (EHR) is “an electronic record of health-related information of an individual that conforms to Nationally recognized interoperability standards and can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization” (1). E-health has drawn the attention of policymakers in Iran since 2000. In 2001, the MOHME approved the TAKFAB project in Iran as the first pilot project for creating an e-health system. SEPAS project was another e-health project supported by the MOHME that was run in Iran from 2007 to 2018 (2). By allowing access to patients’ medical records, increasing the accuracy of medical decision-making, saving costs, reducing medical errors, promoting clinical research and education, and providing effective communication between health care providers, EHR improves the quality of care (1, 2). It can also play a crucial role in the sustainability of health systems, as it facilitates structural reforms and policy-making processes (2).

Introduction: Following two decades of efforts by the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) to develop a nationwide electronic health record system, Iran has made e-prescribing mandatory as of December 22, 2021. However, these regulations have sparked significant concerns among both health care providers and authorities of professional bodies, such as the Iranian council of medicine, concerning patient privacy and confidentiality, which we shall analyze from an ethicolegal perspective in this paper. An Electronic Health Record (EHR) is “, an electronic record of healthrelated information of an individual that conforms to Nationally recognized interoperability standards and can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff across more than one health care organization”,(1). E-health has drawn the attention of policymakers in Iran since 2000. In 2001, the MOHME approved the TAKFAB project in Iran as the first pilot project for creating an e-health system. SEPAS project was another e-health project supported by the MOHME that was run in Iran from 2007 to 2018 (2)...

In recent years, small satellites have brought many non-governmental actors into outer Space domain because of many advantages they offer in comparison with large satellites. The activities of small satellites, like any Space activity, are high-risk and may cause damage. Under the existing Space treaties, it is States that are held liable if the Space activities of private companies launching small satellites cause damage. The basis is Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty. According to this article, member States have an interNational responsibility for activities of non-governmental entities in the outer Space. The appropriate State shall guarantee compliance of activities carried out with the provisions of the Treaty, authorize and continuously supervise National Space activities. By collecting library data and descriptive-analytical method, this research tries to determine the State's obligations towards the activities of private companies of small satellites. For this purpose, Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty and the manner of fulfilling mentioned obligations are examined in the National Space Legislations of the United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Austria, as well as the regulations of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In the beginning of the twenty first century, the increase demand for water has created an anxious reduction in the per capita renewable-water resources with due attention to the limitations of the resources in different regions of the world. The situation of this vital material in arid and semi-arid regions of the earth is much more sensitive. At present, in a number of the countries which are located in these regions, the demand for water has surpassed beyond the extractable water resources facilities. In the coming years, the continuous demands will intensify the respective limitations. Thus, paying a serious attention to the bases of the water resources management for a planning and managing system will be an inevitable task. Considering the experiences of different religions and nations, this paper is an attempt to study the situation of water and Legislation, so that it will be possible to do an appropriate economic evaluation and make regulations by comprehensive information dissemination and to prevent any possible damages.

The country’ 's oil industry, despite having over a hundred years of experience in oil production and trade, is still unable to carry out activities in an endogenous manner and to exploit local potentials in all operational and executional sectors. One of the most important sectors of the country’ 's oil industry, which continues to be significantly dependent to overseas, is the procurement part of the industry in the upstream sector. Considering the importance of National production of oil and gas equipment in upstream sector, this survey is trying to answer whether the oil Legislation law sources support the oil industry in the production of these equipment properly and proportionately? To answer this question, this research has extracted standard measures on the basis of a conceptual framework and through the experts’ viewpoints, and after clarifying the existing legislative sources, has come to evaluate the oil Legislation law sources in this regard. The results show that the main oil laws of the country and the laws regarding the requirement of internal share towards the extracted standards are neglected and the statutory laws of the National Iranian Oil Company also provide poor support for the construction of the mentioned equipment.

Field and Aims: According to the rules of interNational Space law, states have an interNational responsibility for all Space activities carried out in their territory. The growing activity of private actors and non-governmental organizations in the exploration and use of Spaceand the need for continuous licensing and oversight of Space activities by the government, raises questions about: What interNational obligations persuade states to develop their National Space Laws? What Requirements and necessities of Space treaties enforce states to set out their National laws? What model have the leading countries in the field of Space followed to regulate the framework of their Space laws? Method: The present study has been done in terms of applied purpose and in terms of data collection by documentary method and by studying valid legal instuments and sources and the obtained information has been analyzed descriptivelyanalytically. Findings and conclusion: A comparative study of the National laws of the 28 leading countries in the field of Space shows that all of them have used a series of similar legal topics. However, in enacting their National law, each country takes into account its National needs and security considerations and indigenous requirements, and the scope of its National law depends entirely on the scope of National Space activities and the level of participation of non-governmental organizations and Space policies. InterNational requirements to enact National Space Legislation arises from the fact that states in order to exploit and use Space, while paying attention to and fulfilling their interNational obligations under Space treaties and other related legal instruments, the mechanism Provide for the issuance of licenses and oversight of governmental bodies, non-governmental and private Space activities in their domestic legal system and accept responsibility for their actions.

Purpose: The present study aims to clarify the indices of Iranian National identity as well as the indices in contrast with them in order to define the big picture of Iranian future National identity from the surface level to the deepest levels. Method: Having conducted interview and coding and using them as the input for causal layered analysis, the present study seeks to describe the reasons and factors of cyber security threats for National Identity of Islamic Republic of Iran from surface to deep layers. Findings: Iranians’ National identity has been threatened in different layers. Although that threat is to some degree caused by weak political and economic systems, the west taking advantage of its soft power against Iran has strengthened that threat at the level of worldview and metaphor leading the users to contempt their country and underestimating its success and development as well as believing whatever content produced and released by the west. Conclusion: Iranian National identity in cyberSpace is presented by 11 defining indices and 15 contradictory indices. The contradictory ones in systems layer outnumber the defining ones which means critical attention when formulating strategies to strengthen Iranian National identity in cyberSpace.

The act of Legislation in Islam is counted as a comprehensive issue, which includes diverse dimensions, including the howness of Legislation in Islamic society, the exigency of Legislation, the chronology of Legislation, the classification of laws, the interpretation of legal notions, jurisprudence, rights, and their relationships.As observed, the comprehensiveness of the issue has multiplied the features being considered; however the present article attempts to survey the main issues in this regard, commensurate with the religious jurisprudent Legislation.